• Cite documents published on the internet according to the specific guidelines for the type of document. More specific information is available for Books and Journal Articles.
• Include the protocol (http:// or https://) with DOIs
• Do not include the protocol (http:// or https://) in URLs unless hyperlinking to the resource (unless using a software program such as EndNote that does not allow links without the protocol).
• Cite by title if no author or editor is given.
• Additional information must be provided (depending on the type of electronic publication) to correctly identify that you accessed the document in an electronic format.
• The authors' names are given as they appear on the publication you have used, i.e., use full first name where provided or first name initials where initials only are provided.
• Titles are given maximal capitalisation (title case).
• To determine the upload date of a TikTok video: https://bellingcat.github.io/tiktok-timestamp/
Standard format for citation
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Author's Surname, Given Names. "Title of the Document or Part." Title of Internet Site or Document. Editor of site or document, Source/production information, Date of internet publication, Internet address. |
Standard format for citation blog
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Author's Surname, Given Names [username]. "Title of Blog Post." Blog Name, Day Month Year posted, Internet address. Accessed Day Month Year viewed (if no posting date). |
Standard format for email, SnapChat and text messages
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Author's Surname, Given Names. Details of message. Date of communication. |
Standard format for citation podcast
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Author's Surname, Given Names. Title: Subtitle. Publisher, Year, Internet address. |
Standard format for citation podcast television or radio program:
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"Title of Episode." Title of Program: Subtitle, episode details, Credit (if applicable), Day month year of broadcast, Source, Internet address. |
Standard format for social media comments
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Author's Surname, Given Names. Comment on "Title or Description." Author of social media post [media identifier], Source, Date of post creation, internet address. |
Standard format for social media posts
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Creator's Surname, Given Names [media identifier/handle]. "Title or Description." Source, Date of creation, internet address. |
Standard format for citation webpage
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Author's Surname, Given Names. "Webpage Title." Website Title, Publication date, Internet address. Accessed Day Month Year (if no publication date). |
Standard format for YouTube/TED/Vimeo video:
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"Title of Video." Title of Site, uploaded by Credit, Day Abbrev. Month Year of publication, internet address. |
Analytics report
Google Analytics. Analytics 3.1: Water Corporation Domain Only (Excluding Internal Traffic and Bots%2Fspiders) Overview 20160701-20170630, 2017, Analytics 3.1 Water Corporation Domain Only (Excluding Internal Traffic and Bots%2FSpiders) Overview 20160701-20170630.pdf.
App / Software
Student Services Australia. Lost on Campus by StudentVIP. Version 4.2.6, 2020, Apple App Store, apps.apple.com/au/app/lost-on-campus-by-studentvip/id488598630.
Blog post
Morris, Sylvia. "Anticipating Macbeth on Film." The Shakespeare Blog, 9 June 2015, theshakespeareblog.com/2015/06/anticipating-macbeth-on-film/.
@sohnlokis. "Your Top 5." BoardGameGeek, 3 Nov. 2023, boardgamegeek.com/thread/3183481/your-top-5. Accessed 3 Nov 2023.
Blog post comment
Generalgtony. Comment on "Black England: No Wall of Separation?" Jane Austen's World, 26 Apr. 2021, 04:49 am, janeaustensworld.com/2021/04/26/black-england-no-wall-of-separation/#comments
Eeple, Mike [@mike_eeple]. Comment on "Your Top 5" BoardGameGeek, 3 Nov. 2023, boardgamegeek.com/thread/3183481/your-top-5.
Document
Australia, Department of Arts and Culture. Australian Best Practice Guide to Collecting Cultural Material, The Dept., 2015, www.arts.gov.au/publications/australian-best-practice-guide-collecting-cultural-material.
Miranti, Riyana, et al. Calling Australia Home: The Characteristics and Contributions of Australia's Migrants. National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM), 2010, media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/21/219073/natsem_10.pdf.
Document: no author
How to cite references. Murdoch University Library, 1996, www.lib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/.
Every Victorian has a NURSE-ON-CALL. Department of Health, State of Victoria, 2021, www.health.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-11/nurse-on-call-dl-brochure-english.pdf.
Email, Text or SnapChat message
Brown, Collette. Text message to the author. 23 Dec. 2015.
Fisher, John. Email to the author. 14 Apr. 2020.
Messingham, Penny. Email to the Copyright Council. 5 June 2018.
Zacariah, Moses. SnapChat message to the author. 4 June 2021.
Facebook page
"Creative Australia." Facebook, www.facebook.com/creative.gov.au/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2023,
Facebook post
Royal Opera House. "A Sneak-Peek at Rehearsals for Balanchine and Robbins!" Facebook, 2 June 2021, www.facebook.com/royaloperahouse/posts/10159348688137579.
Facebook post comment
Aymerich, Mauricio. Comment on "We are Delighted to Announce Our Shortlist for the 2021 International Booker Prize." The Booker Prizes, Facebook, 23 Apr. 2021, www.facebook.com/TheBookerPrizes.
Forum/discussion board
Writing Forums. www.writingforums.com/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2023.
Forum post
kittymama. "What Are 3 Things You Wish You Knew." Writing Forums, 1 Nov. 2023, www.writingforums.com/threads/what-are-3-things-you-wish-you-knew.206560/. Accessed 3 Nov.2023.
Forum post comment
Veith, Rod. "If You Have Proof of Purchase Then You Should be at Little Risk as Long as You Paid Fair Market Value." LawAnswers, 1 Feb. 2023, www.lawanswers.com.au/threads/i-bought-a-car-with-a-false-signature.24578/.
Game
Persson, Mark and Jens Bergensten. Minecraft. Mojang Synergies AB, 2011, minecraft.net/en-us/.
Government publication: Australian Bureau of Statistics document
Australian Bureau of Statistics. "Literature and Print Media." Arts and Culture in Australia: A Statistical Overview (cat. no. 4172.0). ABS, 2014, www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4172.0main+features142014.
Government publication: Government department
Western Australia, Office of Multicultural Interests. Language Services Policy 2014 and Guidelines. OMI, 2014, www.omi.wa.gov.au/resources/publications/Languages/Language_Services_Policy_2014.pdf.
Instagram post
Atwood, Margaret [@therealmargaretatwood]. Photo of Songs for Murdered Sisters cover. Instagram, 17 Mar. 2021, www.instagram.com/p/CMfPNo-LMG1/.
Instagram post comment
Roblwood. Comment on "It’s Weird Going Back and Looking at Scripts..." Tim Minchin [@timminchin], Instagram, 28 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CDK9YzBn9Mr/.
Legislation: Commonwealth
Screen Australia Act 2008 (Cth). www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2008A00012.
Legislation: State
Library Board of Western Australia Act 1951 (WA). www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_25612.pdf/$FILE/Library Board of Western Australia Act 1951 - [04-f0-04].pdf?OpenElement.
Podcast
Miller, Toby. Australian Citizenship, 1912: A Model for the World?, 2013 Sir Walter Murdoch Lecture. Murdoch University, 2013, our.murdoch.edu.au/University-Secretarys-Office/University-history/Lectures-and-speeches/Sir-Walter-Murdoch-Memorial-Lecture-Series/.
Podcast radio program
“Black Hole Stellar Feeding Frenzy.” StarStuff, reported by Stuart Gary, 23 Dec. 2007, ABC News Radio, www.abc.net.au/science/audio/2015/12/02/4363828.htm?topic=space.
Podcast television program
“Bad Borders.” VICE, season 1, episode 2, HBO, 2016, SBS OnDemand, www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/program/vice.
"Elizabeth Taylor." A Life in Ten Pictures, season 1, episode 2, BBC, 2021, ABC iview, iview.abc.net.au/video/ZW2819A002S00.
Online poem
Nesbit, E. "Marching Song." Ballads and Lyrics of Socialism. London, 1908. Victorian Women Writers Project, edited by Perry Willett, e-book ed., Indiana U., May 2000, webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/view?docId=VAB7021&chunk.id=d1e720&brand=vwwp&doc.view=0&anchor.id=#VAB7021-004.
TikTok video
Parafina, Archie [@nursearchie]. "How to Become a Registered Nurse in Australia as an Internationally Qualified Nurse?" TikTok, 27 Oct. 2023, www.tiktok.com/@nurse.archie/video/7294458669238897921.
TikTok video - no title
Upper Canada Animal Hospital [@ucahteam]. "A few things that are toxic to dogs ...", 19 May 2023, TikTok, www.tiktok.com/@ucahteam/video/7234865897565867269?lang=en.
Webpage
Cagliostro, Dino. "Depression: Tell Me All I Need to Know About Depression." Psycom, 12 Sept. 2023, www.psycom.net/depression.
Website
Jane Austen Society of North America. Austen on Film, 24 Aug. 2015, www.jasna.org/info/about_austen.html.
Rushdie, Salman. Salman Rushdie Official Author Site, 2017, www.salmanrushdie.com/.
University of Virginia, Institute for Advanced Technologies in the Humanities. The World of Dante, 1996-2017, www.worldofdante.org/index.html.
X Post / Tweet
Maiden, Samantha [@samanthamaiden]. "To be a good journalist, in my opinion, you need to be a completely obsessive, detail person. I don’t know who did this but whoever they are they are a very good journalist." Twitter, 30 Mar. 2021, twitter.com/samanthamaiden/status/1376801907713314818.
YouTube/TED/Vimeo video
"Medieval Helpdesk with English Subtitles." YouTube, uploaded by NRK, 26 Feb. 2007, www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ.
"3 Ways to Fix a Broken News Industry." TED, uploaded by Lara Setrakian, Jan. 2017, www.ted.com/talks/lara_setrakian_3_ways_to_fix_a_ broken_news_industry#t-521404.
YouTube comment
Kirk, James. Comment on "Medieval Helpdesk with English Subtitles." YouTube, 12 Feb. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ.
Below is a guide to what information you may need to record when citing an electronic document:
• name of author(s) if given
• year or date of publication (or date site was created or updated)
• title of document
• title of web site or database
• pages, sections or paragraphs (if given)
• database name (if appropriate)
• internet address (if appropriate)