• Cite documents published on the internet according to the specific guidelines for the type of document. More specific information is available for AI Generated Content, Books, Journal Articles and Reports.
• If no date of publication or revision can be found, use n.d. for the date of publication and include the date of access after the title - see the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed., sec. 14.44, and examples below.
• If no author of the work can be determined, list the work by title. For the in-text citation, a short version of the title (up to four words) may be used - see the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed., sec. 13.81.
• Titles of websites are not italicised - see the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed., sec. 14.103.
• If a distinction cannot be made between when a page is from a blog or a website, treat the title like that of a website.
• Reports are cited similarly to Books.
• Do not create a reference for a whole blog, forum or website - instead, reference a specific webpage or post. If a whole blog, forum or website is mentioned in text, with no particular information about that site, provide the name of the site in the text and include the URL in parentheses.
• URLs are usually recorded whole. Do not shorten them using a third-party service such as TinyURL, Bitly, or shortDOI as these can obscure details required to locate the source. Very long URLs, that extend beyond a single line, may be shortened, usually by locating a better version of the link that leads to the same source. Alternatively, if necessary, it is usually acceptable for books and other formally published sources to record the URL for the home page.
• If a Social Media post has no title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post instead.
Standard format for citation: Webpage
|
Author, A. A. Year. "Title of Webpage: Subtitle." Title or Description of Website. URL. |
Standard format for citation: Blog post
|
Author, A. A. Year. "Title of Blog Post," Title of Blog: Subtitle (blog), Publisher (if applicable), Month Day. URL. |
Standard format for citation: Social media post
|
Creator, A. A. Year. "Title of entry OR up to the first 280 characters." Platform name, Month Day. URL. |
Standard format for citation: Social media page
|
Creator, A. A. Year. "Title of page." Platform name, Month Day, Year. URL. |
App / Software
StudentVIP. 2017. "Lost on Campus." studentvip.com.au/maps.
Microsoft. (2024). Response to "Identify an ethical issue which may arise when using AI to write an essay." Copilot, December 9. https://g.co/microsoft/copilot/share/cccc26abdc19.
Blog post
Scibilia, Renza. 2023. "Invisible Squared." Diabetogenic: Real Life with Diabetes (blog), August 10. https://diabetogenic.blog/2023/08/10/invisible-squared/.
Tudor, Ken. 2015. "Protecting Pets in Abusive Human Relationships." The Daily Vet (blog), June 9. http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/ken-tudor/2015/june/pets-abusive-human-relationships-32819.
Blog post comment
Blog comments are not included in reference lists; instead, they should be cited in the text, in reference to the related post.
In a comment on Scibilia (2023) Jack (on August 31, 2023) shared their experience . . .
Document
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. 2003. Australian Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Management System: A Report to Government by the APVMA - June 2003. APVMA. http://www.apvma.gov.au/publications/reports/docs/registration_review_report_
2003.pdf.
Shiell, Kevin. 2006. Animal Welfare Inventory Report to AAWS - Livestock Production Working Group. Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry. http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/152105/aaws_stocktake_livestock_prod.pdf.
Document: no author
Every Victorian has a NURSE-ON-CALL. 2021. Department of Health, State of Victoria. https://www.health.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-11/nurse-on-call-dl-brochure-english.pdf
Email, Text or SnapChat message
These types of material are unpublished personal communications and are not included in the reference list because they do not contain recoverable data. Cite personal communications in the text only.
They are not given formal parenthetical references in the text of an essay or assignment, instead references to this form of material are usually run into the text.
Give the title, given name or initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible:
Professor Visser gave his reasons for closing the laboratory in an e-mail message to the author on January 16, 2022. The reasons given were...
OR
In a text message to the author on February 12, 2022, Dr A.C. Miller stated that ...
Facebook page
National Library of Australia. 2017. "National Library of Australia's Facebook Page." Facebook, August 28. https://www.facebook.com/National.Library.of.Australia/.
Facebook post
Murdoch University Library. 2017. "Poet Speak." Facebook, October 26, 2017. https://www.facebook.com/murdochlibrary/.
Forum post
Rankin, Marie-Louise. 2023. "Cyber Risk Management Essential Tips and Must Haves." Statistical Society of Australia (forum), October 4. https://www.statsoc.org.au/Forum-general-topics/13262711.
X post
Kruszelnicki, Karl (@DoctorKarl). 2020. "Eradicated smallpox?" Twitter, March 22. https://x.com/DoctorKarl/status/1241627022712909824.
Comment on social media post
Comments are not included in reference lists; instead, they should be cited in the text, in reference to the related post. See CMOS 18: section 14.106
A comment on Rankin (2023) from Francis Hui (on November 7, 2023) highlighted . . .
A comment from leanneroadscholar (on December 15, 2017) on the Murdoch University Library (2017) image included . . .
Game
Persson, Markus, and Jens Bergensten. 2011. Minecraft. Released October 11. Mojang Synergies AB. https://minecraft.net/en-us/.
TikTok video
Sookie and Ivy (@SookieandIvy). 2020. “Do Your Dogs Like Any of These Snacks #nomnomnom #tastetesting #WildAnimals #fyp #foryoupage #staffysoftiktok.” TikTok, December 5. https://www.tiktok.com/@sookieandivy/video/6902524226389953798.
Webpage
Google. 2023. “Privacy Policy.” Google Privacy & Terms. Effective October 4. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
World Wildlife Fund. 2010. "WWF Action Center." www.worldwildlife.org/pages/action-center.
United Nations. n.d. "Vessel Movements." Accessed April 6, 2023. https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/vessel-movements.
YouTube video comment
Comments are not included in reference lists; instead, they should be cited in the text, in reference to the related post.
A comment on Bet-David (2017) from @afrozau505 (on November 3, 2022) listed 3 reasons to research . . .
Below is a guide to what information you may need to record when citing an electronic document:
• name of author(s) if given
• year or date of publication (or date site was created or updated)
• title of document
• title of web site or database
• pages, sections or paragraphs (if given)
• digital object identifier (DOI) (if given)
• database name (if appropriate)
• internet address (if appropriate)
Criteria for evaluating internet sites and other electronic resources include:
• Who is the author? It is important to check the author's credentials to determine whether he/she has the knowledge and authority to supply credible information. Check to see if any contact details are provided.
• How current is the information? See when the document was created and when it was last updated.
• What is the author's interest in the material? Can you detect any bias in the content and are you able to determine the purpose of the site? Check the web address to identify the type of organisation producing the document. Be aware that commercial interests and some politically motivated sites may not present a balanced view.
• What sort of content is there? Can the content be considered comprehensive and of good quality? Does it provide links to other documents? Check on the audience the information is aimed at.