• Cite documents published on the internet according to the specific guidelines for the type of document. More specific information is available for online Book Chapters, Books, and Journal Articles.
• Government reports and company annual reports are examples of documents that may be published on the internet. Other types of internet content include websites, journal articles published on the internet, or journal articles retrieved from a full-text database.
• Some documents are published in both paper and electronic formats. Please cite according to the format you accessed.
• Be aware that pagination may not be specified for many online publications. The number of the starting page can be included in your citation if it is given, and/or the number of pages in the document. For example: p. 7+ or (5 pp.).
• Be sure to follow the capitalisation rules for titles (see standard formats and examples below).
Please note: If no author or editor is given and the document is not a part, article or chapter, then citation is by title.
Criteria for evaluating internet sites and other electronic resources include:
• Who is the author? It is important to check the author's credentials to determine whether he/she has the knowledge and authority to supply credible information. Check to see if any contact details are provided.
• How current is the information? See when the document was created and when it was last updated.
• What is the author's interest in the material? Can you detect any bias in the content and are you able to determine the purpose of the site? Check the web address to identify the type of organisation producing the document. Be aware that commercial interests and some politically motivated sites may not present a balanced view.
• What sort of content is there? Can the content be considered comprehensive and of good quality? Does it provide links to other documents? Check which audience the information is aimed at.
Standard format for citation: Webpage
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[#] A. Author and B. Author. "Page Title." Website Title. Accessed: Mon. Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL |
Standard format for citation: Website
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[#] A. Author. Website Title. Accessed: Mon. Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL |
Standard format for citation: Report published online
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[#] A. Author, "Title of report," Name of Company, City, State, Country, Report number, Mon. Day, Year. Accessed: Mon. Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL |
Standard format for citation: Social Media
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[#] A. Author, "Post Title or first sentence." Platform Title. Accessed Mon. Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL |
Standard format for citation: Blog/Blog Post
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[#] A. Author, "Blog post title," Title of Blog, Mon. Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL |
If citing an entire blog, rather than a single blog post, omit the "Blog post title" entry.
Online document or report
[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,” European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190 V1.3.2, May 2011. Accessed: Aug. 17, 2012. [Online]. Available: www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_TR/101100_101199/101190/01.03.02_60/tr_101190v010302p.pdf
Online document: no author
[2] “A ‘layman’s’ explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,” Oct. 3, 2003. Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.vmsk.org/Layman.pdf
Government publication: Australian Bureau of Statistics document
[3] Australian Bureau of Statistics, "Engineering Construction Activity," ABS, Canberra, ACT, Australia, Cat. no. 8762.0., 2010. Accessed: Sept. 7, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats
Government publication: Government department as Author
[4] Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, "Survey on changes in awareness and understanding of science, engineering and technology: Report on findings," Australian Government, Canberra, ACT, Australia, Jun. 2008. Accessed: Sept. 7, 2010. [Online]. Available: webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080924013434/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/88983/20080924-1038/www.dest.gov.au/sectors/school_education/publications_resources/profiles/Survey.pdf
Legislation: Commonwealth
[5] Australian Energy Market Act 2004 (Cth). [Online]. Available: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C2004A01335. [Accessed: Apr. 11, 2019].
Legislation: State
[6] Alumina Refinery Agreement Act 1961 (WA). [Online]. Available: https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_26707.pdf/$FILE/Alumina%20Refinery%20Agreement%20Act%201961%20-%20%5B03-a0-03%5D.pdf?OpenElement. [Accessed: Apr. 11, 2019].
Facebook post
[7] Murdoch University, "Clubs and societies are a big part of the Murdoch University experience." Facebook. Accessed Aug. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.facebook.com/MurdochUniversity
Webpage
[8] K. Zito. "Sega to Stop Production of Dreamcast." SFGATE.com. Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004. [Online]. Available: https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Sega-to-Stop-Production-Of-Dreamcast-2957226.php
Website
[9] S. Rushdie. Salman Rushie. Accessed: Sept. 12, 2025. [Online]. Available: www.salmanrushdie.com/
Blog post
[10] J. A. Specavek, "Fracking and the stresses it adds to railroads," It's the Rheo Thing, May 18, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.rheothing.com/2015/05/fracking-and-stress-adds-to-railroads.html