Indicating the relevant reference in the text
• A number enclosed in square brackets, e.g. [1] or [26], placed in the text of the essay, indicates the relevant reference.
• Each reference number should be enclosed in square brackets on the same line as the text, before any punctuation, with a space before the bracket.
• Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source cited in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay or assignment.
• Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references.
• No distinction is made between print and electronic references when citing within the text.
Here are some examples of this kind of referencing:
"...end of the line for my research [13]."
"The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." "Scholtz [2] has argued that......."
"Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 16] have suggested that..."
"For example, see [7]."
• It is not necessary to mention either the author(s) or the date of the reference unless it is relevant to your text.
• If author names are cited in-text, use the surname only. If there are 3 or more authors, cite the first 2 names followed by et al.
• It is not necessary to say " in reference [26] ..." "In [26] ..." is sufficient.
Citing more than one reference at a time
• When citing more than one source at a time, each reference number is listed separately with a comma between each reference:
i.e.
[1], [3], [5]
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
Citing a reference multiple times
• When citing a source for a second or subsequent time, do not use ibid or op. cit.
• In the text, repeat the earlier reference number.
• If referring to a different page number, or other reference, within the source, use the following forms:
[3, pp. 5-10], [3, Ch. 2, pp. 6-21], [3, Fig. 1], [3, Sect. 4.5];
Page numbers included
• Include page, chapter, paragraph or section numbers in the citation if you need to be specific, such as when material is directly quoted or when a specific part of the source is referred to, or when a detail difficult to find.
• Please note that page numbers from EPUB versions of eBooks are not reliable for citation purposes. For accurate referencing, always use the page numbers from the PDF version of the online book, where available. To switch to the PDF version, look for a "Switch to PDF", "Download PDF", "View PDF" or "Print to PDF" option on the eBook platform, typically located near the book's title or in the toolbar.
• Give page numbers within the square brackets:
[1, p. 5]
[2, Fig. 3]
[3, Sec. 4.5]