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Database Help: Searching Databases

Searching databases

After planning your search, developing your synonyms, and creating your search strings, you may still find that you are retrieving too many results, or your results do not contain the specific information you need.  

The below advanced database search information can refine your database searching. 

Some databases (especially in health) include a thesaurus of controlled vocabularies, an index of terms, or subject headings. Subject headings are a set of predetermined terms that describe specific concepts.

Not every database utilises subject headings, and databases may have their own subject headings that do not translate to other databases. 

In addition to identifying search words and synonyms, search the thesaurus or subject headings list to identify relevant terms in the thesaurus, as these are comprehensive. In some disciplines, you may need to combine keywords and phrases with controlled vocabulary terms (eg Medical Subject Headings) to comprehensively describe your review topic.

Example ("hand disinfection" OR "hand hygiene" OR handwash*)

Advantages of using subject headings:
  • controlled vocabulary
  • consistently applied – all articles with the same subject heading will have that as a key concept​
  • assigned by an indexer/librarian after reading the content of the article​
  • compiled into a thesaurus that can be searched.

Combining subject headings with free-text terms will make your search more comprehensive.

To identify subject headings for your search concepts:
  • search the subject heading thesaurus of the database to identify relevant terms for each search concept
  • choose the most relevant term 
  • copy and paste terms into your search planner or other documentation
  • combine two separate subject headings if required to appropriately describe a concept
  • where there are two or more concepts add a subject heading that combines the concepts
  • look at the subject headings used for relevant articles on your topic - do you want to use these as well?
  • add your chosen subject headings as free-text terms (keywords).

Examples of the subject headings used by some databases are summarised in the table below:

  • CINAHL - CINAHL Subject Headings
  • MEDLINE (via PubMed or Ovid), Cochrane - Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  • PsycINFO - APA Thesaurus

PsychINFO Advanced Search screen with a red arrow pointing to the "Thesauri" heading in the advanced search menu.

Example of where to locate the APA Thesaurus in PsycINFO

For more information on how to use the APA Thesaurus in PsycINFO:

To access MeSH, use the link below:

More resources on how to use MeSH in your searches:


The Systematic searches series of videos from Yale University on systematic searches demonstrate how to build effective search strategies in databases.

Once you have identified key words and concepts, apply search operators to construct search strings and create your search strategy.

There are three approaches to structuring a search:

  • line by line (each search term on its own line)
  • block by block (each search concept on its own line)
  • single line (all search terms and concepts combined into one line).

In practice, a combination of all three might be used depending on the database being searched, the stage of search development, the searcher's expertise, etc. 


Line by line

Starting with a line by line search of single synonyms makes it easier to spot errors in selected search terms or to identify search strategies.

For example, it is more efficient to search for "rare earth" than it is to search for ("rare earth" OR "rare earth elements" OR "rare earth metals" OR "rare earths"), as "rare earth" is contained within each of these phrases. 

Search the main concepts first to check that each word adds value to your search i.e., that it returns relevant results, then limit further as necessary

For example, when searching the concept Multiple Sclerosis, the acronym MS also retrieves results for Microsoft or mass spectrometer.

Line by line can also help identify new search terms you may not have yet considered.


Block by block

Once you have determined that your synonyms are all relevant via a line by line search, use OR to join the words for each search concept, its related synonyms/variations, and relevant subject headings to create a single concept search string.  

For example: extract OR mine OR mining

Concept strings can then be joined together using AND to create single line search strings. 

For example: (extract OR mine OR mining) AND "rare earth" AND (ecosystem OR environment)

If the database has more than one search text box, each concept string can be added to a separate search text box, using AND to join them together.

A database with more than one search box:  with "extract OR mine OR mining" in the top line; "AND" selected in the second line with "rare earth" in the accompanying search box; "AND" selected in the third line dropdown with ecosystem OR environment in the accompanying search box.

After this step, you may begin to further refine your search by utilising Advanced Databases Search Operators such as Title/Abstract field search.


Single line

Single line search strings are a combination of your concept search strings into one search command.

This method is generally not recommended for exploratory searching because many search terms or concept strings can be confusing and overwhelming if combined into a single search string.

When you begin adding Advanced Search Operators such as Subject Headings, it can be difficult to read, to interpret, to identify errors and to translate between databases. 

For example: 

Single Line:
((("social media" OR "social network*" OR Facebook OR Instagram OR TikTok) AND (adolescen* OR juvenile* OR teen* OR "young adult*" OR youth*)) AND (anore* OR bulimi* OR "disordered eating" OR "eating disorder*")) AND mainsubject.Exact("adolescent" OR "eating disorders" OR "social media" OR "teen-ager")

Broken into concept strings, this reads easier:
((("social media" OR "social network*" OR Facebook OR Instagram OR TikTok)
AND (adolescen* OR juvenile* OR teen* OR "young adult*" OR youth*))
AND (anore* OR bulimi* OR "disordered eating" OR "eating disorder*"))
AND mainsubject.Exact("adolescent" OR "eating disorders" OR "social media" OR "teen-ager")

Single line format is often used as a final search string for reporting or recording your search strategy. 

Search help

Check the Search Help or Search Tips of a particular platform for specific search techniques.

Remember to document your search regardless of the method you choose.

You should document your search process in enough detail to ensure that it can be reported correctly if required.

Recording search details will also assist you in adjusting your search, tracking changes to your strategies, or translating your searches to alternative databases. 

For each database search you conduct, you should record:

  • the date the search was run
  • the database searched
  • the name of the database provider (for example: ProQuest or EBSCO)
  • your search strategy - include the keywords you used and how these were combined in the search
  • the years searched
  • any filters or limitations used, such as date, language, age, or demographics
  • the number of studies identified
Save your searches within databases

It may be useful to save your searches in the databases you use (where possible) to refer to later. Many databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, PsycINFO, and others allow you to save searches and create alerts. You will be emailed when new references relevant to your search are published and added to the database​ ​Alerts can be individually scheduled

You may be required to create a personal login; this is free and easy to set up on databases available via Murdoch - simply access the database via the Library Databases page (linked below) and use your Murdoch email address.

EndNote software can also be used to record full bibliographical details for each citation and additional notes relating to the selection and evaluation of that source.

If you are conducting Evidence-based Practice research, Literature or Systematic Reviews, you need to record and report your searches in detail. Refer to our guides for additional resources:

The base search strategy will remain the same for each database; however, different databases have different search interfaces, and use different terminology and search techniques - you will therefore need to make adjustments when you search a new database.

For information about how best to search a database, use the Help option within that database – check the Databases by Title or Databases by Subject tabs above for links to database help pages.

Universal Operators

The below operator commands translate directly to any Database.

Universal operators
Operator Action Example

OR

broadens your search showing results with at least one of your keywords paediatric OR child*
AND narrows your search showing results which contain both keywords stress AND workplace
NOT narrows your search excluding certain words from your results rabies NOT dog
"   " searches for words next to each other in that order (phrase search) "case law"
(   ) group searches together and prioritises searches in order (case OR law) AND evidence
Variable operators

The below operators may not be available on all databases, or the commands may vary between databases. You will need to refer to Advanced Help for each database to discover the commands and translate your search between databases.

Variable operators
Operator Action Variations

Proximity

1st word within n words of 2nd word, in any order W/5, N5, NEAR5, ADJ5
Truncator word variations using base word: group of letters, single letters *    $    # 
At least search word/phrase must appear at least minimum number of times in document ATL5(word), word.ab./FREQ=5

Subject Headings

Controlled Vocabulary

Thesauri

a set of predetermined terms that describe specific concepts (the words themselves may also vary depending on the database)

[mesh], .mh, .sh
Field Codes search limiters or filters e.g., Title/Abstract TI,AB:, .tiab, ti(word) AND ab(word)
Field codes

Database records have information listed in certain fields, such as author, title, abstract, keywords, etc. You can direct a database to retrieve articles with your search words in specific fields. This increases the precision of your search and reduces the number of irrelevant results.

To direct the database to find your search words in specific fields, you should apply the appropriate field codes to your search words using the syntax required by that database. Usually, you should use a field code that will capture at least 'Title' and 'Abstract.' 

For example: 

  • To search PubMed for Title and Abstract, add [tiab] to the end of each search term
  • To search MEDLINE (Ovid) for Title, Abstract, and Keyword Heading Word, add .ti,kf,ti after each search term

Some platforms (search interfaces) allow you to select search fields within the search builder via a dropdown menu. 

Tools for translating searches

The following tools may assist with translating searches from one database to another. However, an understanding of the differences between database syntax is still required as no tool is perfect. 

Polyglot is designed to translate search strings across databases to aid with running searches for systematic reviews. It does not translate subject headings across databases, so it is important to understand how databases work before using Polyglot.

MEDLINE Transpose is a tool designed to convert search syntax between the PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE interfaces.

Topic: 

The association between social media use and adolescent eating disorders

Concepts and Synonyms:
Concept 1: "social media"
  • Synonyms: "social network*", Facebook, Instagram, TikTok
  • Subject headings: Social Media
Concept 2: adolescent
  • Synonyms: juvenile, teen*, "young adult*", youth*
  • Subject headings: Teenagers, Teens
Concept 3: eating disorder
  • Synonyms: anorexia, bulimia, "disordered eating"
  • Subject headings: Binge-Eating Disorder, Feeding and Eating Disorders

You may find it easiest to lay out your synonyms and subject headings in a table or Excel spreadsheet, as in the image below:

Three research concepts laid out in columns. At the top of each column is the concept; below each concept is a list of synonyms; below the synonyms is a list of subject headings.

Concept strings: 

("social media" OR "social network*" OR Facebook OR Instagram OR TikTok)

(adolescen* OR juvenile* OR teen* OR "young adult*" OR youth*)

(anore* OR bulimi* OR "disordered eating" OR "eating disorder*")

Search strategy:  ​
  1. ("social media" OR "social network*" OR Facebook OR Instagram OR TikTok)
  2. AND (adolescen* OR juvenile" OR teen* OR "young adult*" OR youth*)
  3. AND (anore* OR bulimi* OR "disordered eating" OR "eating disorder*")

(("social media" OR "social network*" OR Facebook OR Instagram OR TikTok) AND (adolescen* OR juvenile* OR teen* OR "young adult*" OR youth)) AND (anore* OR bulimi* OR "disordered eating" OR "eating disorder*")

PsychINFO search string including subject headings: 

((("social media" OR "social network*" OR Facebook OR Instagram OR TikTok) AND (adolescen* OR juvenile* OR teen* OR "young adult*" OR youth*)) AND (anore* OR bulimi* OR "disordered eating" OR "eating disorder*")) AND mainsubject.Exact("adolescent" OR "eating disorders" OR "social media" OR "teen-ager")

PubMed Search including MeSH terms: 
MESH terms on PubMed
Search Actions
#8 Search: #1 OR #7
#7 Search: #2 AND #3 AND #6
#6 Search: #4 OR #5
#5 Search: Binge-Eating Disorder[MeSH Terms]
#4 Search: Feeding and Eating Disorders[MeSH Terms]
#3 Search: Teenagers[MeSH Terms]
#2 Search: Social Media[MeSH Terms]
#1 Search: (("social media" OR "social network*" OR Facebook OR Instagram OR TikTok) AND (adolescen* OR juvenile* OR teen* OR "young adult*" OR youth)) AND (anore* OR bulimi* OR "disordered eating" OR "eating disorder*")

Ask our Librarians

If you have consulted all the provided resources and your literature search is not resulting in relevant results, you can Ask our Librarians to review your search words and search strings.

Please include information about your topic, synonyms, search strings, and databases searched.

If you require specific database help, refer to our curated list of subject-specific database help guides - see the next page:

Study and research support

Beginner study and research support:

Intermediate and advanced research support:

Database help links

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